Current Issue : July - September Volume : 2015 Issue Number : 3 Articles : 6 Articles
Atherosclerosis is a chronic multifactorial disease of the arterial wall characterized by inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune\nsystem activation. Evidence exists on a pathogenic role of oxidized red blood cells (RBCs) accumulated in the lesion after intraplaque\nhemorrhage. This review reports current knowledge on the impact of oxidative stress in RBC modifications with the surface\nappearance of senescent signals characterized by reduced expression of CD47 and glycophorin A and higher externalization\nof phosphatidylserine. The review summarizes findings indicating that oxidized, senescent, or stored RBCs, due to surface\nantigen modification and release of prooxidant and proinflammatory molecules, exert an impaired modulatory activity on innate\nand adaptive immune cells and how this activity contributes to atherosclerotic disease. In particular RBCs from patients with\natherosclerosis, unlike those from healthy subjects, fail to control lipopolysaccharide-induced DC maturation and T lymphocyte\napoptosis. Stored RBCs, accompanied by shedding of extracellular vesicles, stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells to release\nproinflammatory cytokines, augment mitogen-driven T cell proliferation, and polarize macrophages toward the proinflammatory\nM1 activation pathway. Collectively, literature data suggest that the crosstalk between RBCs with immune cells represents a novel\nmechanism by which oxidative stress can contribute to atherosclerotic disease progression and may be exploited for therapeutic\ninterventions....
Blood stasis is one of the important pathological concepts in Korean medicine.We analyzed the Korean studies concerning blood\nstasis.We searched for articles in eight electronic databases from their inception to September, 2014.We included reviews, clinical\nstudies, and preclinical studies that had studied blood stasis and excluded articles in which blood stasis was not mentioned or in\nwhich the original authors had not explained blood stasis. Of 211 total included studies, 19 were reviews, 52 were clinical studies,\nand 140 were preclinical articles. ââ?¬Å?Stagnant blood within the bodyââ?¬Â was the most frequently mentioned phrase of the traditional\nconcept of blood stasis. Traumatic injury was the most frequently studied disease/condition in the clinical studies. In the preclinical\nstudies, coagulopathy was studied most frequently, followed by hyperviscosity, hyperlipidemia, inflammation, neoplasm, ischemic\nbrain injury, and atherosclerosis. Hyeolbuchukeo-tang and Angelicae Gigantis Radix were the most frequent formula and single\nherb, respectively, used in the blood stasis researches. The results showed that blood stasis was mainly recognized as disorder of\ncirculation and many studies showed the effectiveness of activating blood circulating herbs for diseases and pathologies such as\ntraumatic injury or coagulopathy. Further studies are needed in the pathologic mechanisms and various diseases of blood stasis...
The present paper aims to review the main pathophysiological links between red blood cell disorders and cardiovascular diseases,\nprovides a brief description of the latest studies in this area, and considers implications for clinical practice and therapy. Anemia is\nassociated with a special risk in proatherosclerotic conditions and heart disease and became a new therapeutic target. Guidelines\nmust be updated for the management of patients with red blood cell disorders and cardiovascular diseases, and targets for\nhemoglobin level should be established. Risk scores in several cardiovascular diseases should include red blood cell count and RDW.\nComplete blood count and hemorheological parameters represent useful, inexpensive, widely available tools for the management\nand prognosis of patients with coronary heart disease, heart failure, hypertension, arrhythmias, and stroke. Hypoxia and iron\naccumulation cause the most important cardiovascular effects of sickle cell disease and thalassemia. Patients with congenital chronic\nhemolytic anemia undergoing splenectomy should be monitored, considering thromboembolic and cardiovascular risk...
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a collective termfor several diseases characterized by autoantibody-initiated destruction\nof red blood cells (RBCs). Exact subclassification is essential. We provide a review of the respective types of AIHA with emphasis\non mechanisms of RBC destruction, focusing in particular on complement involvement. Complement activation plays a definitive\nbut limited role in warm-antibody AIHA (w-AIHA), whereas primary cold agglutinin disease (CAD), secondary cold agglutinin\nsyndrome (CAS), and paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (PCH) are entirely complement-dependent disorders. The details of\ncomplement involvement differ among these subtypes. The theoretical background for therapeutic complement inhibition in\nselected patients is very strong in CAD, CAS, and PCH but more limited in w-AIHA. The optimal target complement component\nfor inhibition is assumed to be important and highly dependent on the type of AIHA. Complement modulation is currently not\nan evidence-based therapy modality in any AIHA, but a number of experimental and preclinical studies are in progress and a few\nclinical observations have been reported. Clinical studies of new complement inhibitors are probably not far ahead....
Here, we review the role of sucrose nonfermenting (SNF2) family enzymes in blood cell development. The SNF2 family\ncomprises helicase-like ATPases, originally discovered in yeast, that can remodel chromatin by changing chromatin structure\nand composition. The human genome encodes 30 different SNF2 enzymes. SNF2 family enzymes are often part of multisubunit\nchromatin remodeling complexes (CRCs),which consist of noncatalytic/auxiliary subunit along with theATPase subunit.However,\nblood cells express a limited set of SNF2 ATPases that are necessary to maintain the pool of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and\ndrive normal blood cell development and differentiation. The composition of CRCs can be altered by the association of specific\nauxiliary subunits. Several auxiliary CRC subunits have specific functions in hematopoiesis. Aberrant expressions of SNF2 ATPases\nand/or auxiliary CRC subunit(s) are often observed in hematological malignancies. Using large-scale data from the International\nCancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) we observed frequentmutations in genes encoding SNF2 helicase-like enzymes and auxiliary\nCRC subunits in leukemia. Hence, orderly function of SNF2 family enzymes is crucial for the execution of normal blood cell\ndevelopmental program, and defects in chromatin remodeling caused by mutations or aberrant expression of these proteins may\ncontribute to leukemogenesis....
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) have been implicated in human physiology and in human pathology.Abetter knowledge\nof the retroviral transcriptional activity in the general population and during the life span would greatly help the debate on its\npathologic potential.Thetranscriptional activity of fourHERVfamilies (H,K,W, and E)was assessed, by qualitative and quantitative\nPCR, in PBMCs from 261 individuals aged from 1 to 80 years. Our results show that HERV-H, HERV-K, and HERV-W, but not\nHERV-E, are transcriptionally active in the test population already in the early childhood. In addition, the transcriptional levels\nof HERV-H, HERV-K, and HERV-W change significantly during the life span, albeit with distinct patterns. Our results, reinforce\nthe hypothesis of a physiological correlation between HERVs activity and the different stages of life in humans. Studies aiming at\nidentifying the factors, which are responsible for these changes during the individual�s life, are still needed. Although the observed\nphenomena are presumably subjected to great variability, the basal transcriptional activity of each individual, also depending on\nthe different ages of life, must be carefully considered in all the studies involving HERVs as causative agents of disease...
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